2026年唐獎法治獎得主為布魯斯．艾克曼（Bruce Ackerman）教授，「以表彰他的卓越智識引領，不僅對制憲、司法審查，以及民主憲政治理的根基制度提出嶄新理念，在當代共和國面臨諸般危機之際，更提供捍衛法治的理論與實務途徑。」法治獎評選委員會於得獎理由中特別指出：「其為探求憲政正當性與國民主權的跨國憲法探索與熱情承擔，經由跨世代的實踐，深深啟發世界各地追求社會正義與法治的所有憲法工作者。」

　　艾克曼教授成長於美國紐約市布朗克斯區。自耶魯大學法律學院畢業後，他先後擔任美國聯邦上訴法院法官亨利．弗蘭德利（Henry J. Friendly）以及美國聯邦最高法院大法官約翰．馬歇爾．哈倫二世（John Marshall Harlan II）的法官助理，由此開啟法律職涯。儘管艾克曼教授一向持自由派立場，但在職涯初期與這兩位傑出保守派法學家的共事經驗，為他帶來諸多啟發，尤其深化了他對憲政民主下司法權維護正當性此一難題的理解。其後他投身學界，曾任教於賓夕法尼亞大學、哥倫比亞大學以及耶魯大學，現任耶魯大學的法律與政治學Sterling講座教授。艾克曼教授為法國國家功績勳章司令勳位得主，並為美國法律協會會員與美國人文與科學院院士。

　　艾克曼教授對法治的重要貢獻，莫過於他提出極具開創性的「二元民主（dualist democracy）」理論。該理論區辨了民主憲政運作中涉及日常體制運作的「常態政治（normal politics）」，以及經由公民高度動員並配合憲法上各個權力運作機制的啟動，最終形成新憲法典範的「憲法政治（constitutional politics）」。在「憲法政治」運作下，當公民動員達到高峰、凝聚出關鍵共識，並透過憲法權力機制落實於憲政秩序時，即成就了「憲法時刻（constitutional moment）」。在國家憲政秩序面臨挑戰或陷入停滯之際，公民動員與憲法權力機制的運作，可能成為凝聚新共識並協助國家脫離僵局的契機。此一理論啟發了各國憲法工作者探尋其憲政歷史中的「憲法時刻」，更對美國憲政秩序以及當代民主國家現面臨的挑戰，提供了關鍵分析視角。

　　「憲法政治」的運作以公民動員為核心，艾克曼教授的研究十分重視公共參與以及國民主權的實踐。為強化公眾審議量能並促進平等參與，艾克曼教授曾提出多項極具啟發性的改革方案。舉例而言，於《Deliberation Day》（與James S. Fishkin合著）一書中，他提出「審議日」的概念，主張由政府於選舉前設立一日全國性假日，鼓勵公眾對重要議題進行討論與理性思辨。而在《Voting with Dollars》（與Ian Ayres合著）一書中，他主張政府應發放小額政治資本給所有公民，並由公民匿名捐贈給候選人，促使政治人物積極回應選民需求，避免民主制度遭到大額政治獻金所壟斷。

　　艾克曼教授的研究關懷也延伸至社會正義領域。於《The Stakeholder Society》（與Anne Alstott合著）一書中，他提倡所有公民身份平等，且皆是社會的「利害關係人（stakeholder）」。他認為，國家應回應阻礙公民成為完整政治行動者的物質不平等。為此，透過資源分配的制度設計，他主張國家應為每位青年公民提供一筆均等資本，消除起跑線上的不平等，並使青年公民擁有足以參與公共理性實踐的經濟資源，從而促成有效的民主參與。

　　艾克曼教授的研究往往跨越時間與空間的藩籬，並巧妙融合法律、政治、歷史與經濟等不同學科的觀點。他深入各國歷史脈絡，觀察其憲法變遷歷程，並提出許多重要主張，例如憲政正當性的多元建構途徑。他的比較憲法視野，為各國學者提供了重要分析工具，可用於檢視自身憲政歷史，並立足於在地脈絡與民主價值的基礎上展望未來。

　　艾克曼教授致力於銜接理論突破與制度革新，他主張的理論與方案常在現實社會中產生廣泛影響。他在《Before the Next Attack》一書中提出「緊急憲法（emergency constitution）」概念，在為國家緊急權力提供憲法基礎的同時，亦確保了危機過後仍能回歸正常憲政秩序的制衡機制。此一概念啟發法國憲法有關緊急權力制度的改革。除此之外，《Deliberation Day》啟發了美國與蒙古等國家的公民審議實踐。《The Stakeholder Society》也啟發了英國與巴西等國家相關政策的倡議。

　　數十年來，艾克曼教授持續活躍於研究與教學領域。他著作等身，並獲頒多項該領域的最高榮譽。2002年，美國哲學學會頒授亨利．菲利普斯獎（Henry M. Phillips Prize）以表彰其法理學終身成就，肯定其代表作《We the People》系列著作的深遠影響。1982年，他以《The Uncertain Search for Environmental Quality》（與Susan Rose-Ackerman、James W. Sawyer, Jr.以及Dale W. Henderson合著）一書榮獲哈佛大學法律學院的亨德森獎（Henderson Prize）。1981年，他以《Social Justice in the Liberal State》一書榮獲美國法曹協會頒發的法槌獎（Gavel Award）。

　　作為享譽全球的思想家，艾克曼教授以宏觀的理論架構與前瞻視野，引領民主憲政治理的變革。作為關懷時代危機的法學者，艾克曼教授致力於銜接理論與實務，為因應當代法治與憲政危機提出諸多具開創性的路徑。而作為深具使命感的教育家，艾克曼教授對國民主權與憲政正當性的探求，時刻提醒我們：憲法是一場持續進行的對話。在當前危機交織的時代，他的思想持續啟發世界各地不同世代的憲法工作者，共同追求更具包容性與韌性的社會正義與法治。

• Ackerman CV (Provided by Prof. Ackerman)

生日：1943年8月19日

國籍：美國

學歷

現職

主要經歷

獎項與榮譽

專業組織

著作（摘選）

專書與編輯著作

• The Postmodern Predicament: Existential Challenges of the Twenty-First Century, Yale University Press (2024).
• Revolutionary Constitutions: Charismatic Leadership and the Rule of Law, Harvard University Press (2019).
• When Melvin the Camel Meets Donald Trump (with Cody Visnick), independently published (2017).
• The Progressives’ Century: Political Reform, Constitutional Government, and the Modern American State (with Stephen Skowronek & Stephen M. Engel), Yale University Press (2016) (edited volume).
• We the People, Vol. 3: The Civil Rights Revolution, Harvard University Press (2014).
• The Decline and Fall of the American Republic, Harvard University Press (2010).
• Before the Next Attack: Preserving Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism, Yale University Press (2006).
• Redesigning Distribution: Basic Income and Stakeholder Grants as Cornerstones for an Egalitarian Capitalism (with Anne Alstott & Philippe van Parijs eds.), Verso (2006) (edited volume).
• The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy, Harvard University Press (2005).
• Deliberation Day (with James S. Fishkin), Yale University Press (2004).
• Bush v. Gore: The Question of Legitimacy, Yale University Press (2002) (edited volume).
• Voting with Dollars: A New Paradigm for Campaign Finance (with Ian Ayres), Yale University Press (2002).
• La Politica del Dialogo Liberal, Gedisa (1999).
• The Stakeholder Society (with Anne Alstott), Yale University Press (1999).
• The Case Against Lameduck Impeachment, Seven Stories Press (1999).
• We the People, Vol. 2: Transformations, Harvard University Press (1998).
• The Future of Liberal Revolution, Yale University Press (1992).
• We the People, Vol. 1: Foundations, Harvard University Press (1991).
• Reconstructing American Law, Harvard University Press (1984).
• Clean Coal/Dirty Air (with William T. Hassler), Yale University Press (1981).
• Social Justice in the Liberal State, Yale University Press (1980).
• Private Property and the Constitution, Yale University Press (1977).
• Economic Foundations of Property Law, Little Brown (1975) (edited volume).
• The Uncertain Search for Environmental Quality (with Susan Rose-Ackerman, James W. Sawyer, Jr. & Dale W. Henderson), Free Press (1974).

發表論文

• Afterword: Three Pathways: Reflections on the Asian Experience, in Bryan Dennis G. Tiojanco et al. eds. Pathways to Constitutional Legitimacy in Asia Pacific, Edward Elgar (2026).
• Afterword: European Dilemmas, in Marco Dani, Marco Glodoni & Agustin J. Menéndez eds. The Legitimacy of European Constitutional Orders: A Comparative Inquiry, pp. 304-325, Edward Elgar (2023).
• The Race Against Time, in Richard Albert ed. Revolutionary Constitutionalism: Law, Legitimacy, Power, Hart (2020).
• Afterword: Multiple Identities, 12 Italian Journal of Public Law 125-130 (2020). (Special Issue on “Revolutionary Constitutions. Charismatic Leadership and the Rule of Law” by Bruce Ackerman)
• Adios Montesquieu, 5 Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitutionales 3-14 (2019).
• Why Britain Needs a Written Constitution—and Can't Wait for Parliament to Write One, 89 The Political Quarterly 584-590 (2018).
• Is Britain ready for a constitutional convention? A rejoinder, 89 The Political Quarterly 608-613 (2018).
• States of Emergency, in Cass R. Sunstein ed., Can It Happen Here? Authoritarianism in America, pp. 221-232, HarperCollins (2018).
• What is to be Done? A New Progressivism for a New Century, in Stephen Skowronek, Stephen M. Engel & Bruce Ackerman, eds. The Progressives' Century: Political Reform, Constitutional Government, and the Modern American State, pp. 478-494, Yale University Press (2016).
• Reactionary Constitutional Moments: Further Thoughts on The Civil Rights Revolution, 13 Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies 47-58 (2016).
• Three Paths to Constitutionalism – and the Crisis of the European Union, 45 British Journal of Political Science 705-714 (2015).
• De-Schooling Constitutional Law, 123 The Yale Law Journal 3104-3144 (2014).
• Reviving Democratic Citizenship, 41 Politics and Society 309-317 (2013).
• Beyond Presentism, 1 Journal of Law 185-190 (2011).
• Limited War and the Constitution: Iraq and the Crisis of Presidential Legality, (with Oona Hathaway), 109 Michigan Law Review 447-518 (2011).
• 2006 Oliver Wendell Holmes Lectures: The Living Constitution, 120 Harvard Law Review 1737-1812 (2007).
• Meritocracy v. Democracy (on the House of Lords), 29 London Review of Books 9 (March 8, 2007).
• The Secret Refund Booth (with Ian Ayres), 73 The University of Chicago Law Review 1107-1129 (2006).
• Interpreting the Women’s Movement, 94 California Law Review 1421-1437 (2006).
• Keynote Address: Terrorism and the Constitutional Order, 75 Fordham Law Review 475-488 (2006).
• Why Stakeholding? (with Anne Alstott), in Bruce Ackerman, Anne Alstott & Philippe van Parijs eds. Redesigning Distribution: Basic Income and Stakeholder Grants as Cornerstones for an Egalitarian Capitalism, pp. 43-65, Verso (2006).
• Macro-Freedom (with Anne Alstott), in Bruce Ackerman, Anne Alstott & Philippe van Parijs eds. Redesigning Distribution: Basic Income and Stakeholder Grants as Cornerstones for an Egalitarian Capitalism, pp. 209-216, Verso (2006).
• This is Not a War, 113 The Yale Law Journal 1871-1907 (2004).
• The Emergency Constitution, 113 The Yale Law Journal 1029-1091 (2004).
• Why a New Paradigm? (with Ian Ayres), 37 University of Richmond Law Review 1147-1184 (2003).
• The New Paradigm Revisited (with Ian Ayres), 91 California Law Review 743-768 (2003).
• Deliberation Day (with James S. Fishkin), 10 The Journal of Political Philosophy 129-152 (2002).
• The New Separation of Powers, 113 Harvard Law Review 633-729 (2000).
• Your Stake in America (with Anne Alstott), 41 Arizona Law Review 249-261 (1999).
• Taxation and the Constitution, 99 Columbia Law Review 1-58 (1999).
• The Rise of World Constitutionalism, 83 Virginia Law Review 771-797 (1997).
• A Generation of Betrayal? 65 Fordham Law Review 1519-1536 (1997).
• Higher Lawmaking, in Sanford Levinson ed. Responding to Imperfection: The Theory and Practice of Constitutional Amendment, pp. 63-87, Princeton University Press (1995).
• Political Liberalisms, 91 Journal of Philosophy 364-386 (1994).
• Rooted Cosmopolitanism, 104 Ethics 516-535 (1994).
• Crediting the Voters: A New Beginning for Campaign Finance, The American Prospect 71-80 (1993).
• The Lost Opportunity, 10 Tel Aviv University Studies in Law 53-68 (1991).
• The Common Law Constitution of John Marshall Harlan, 36 New York Law School Law Review 5-32 (1991).
• Constitutional Politics/Constitutional Law, 99 The Yale Law Journal 453-547 (1989).
• Why Dialogue? 86 Journal of Philosophy 5-22 (1989).
• Law, Economics, and the Problem of Legal Culture, 6 Duke Law Journal 929-947 (1986).
• Reforming Environmental Law (with Richard B. Stewart), 37 Stanford Law Review 1333-1365 (1985).
• The Storrs Lectures: Discovering the Constitution, 93 The Yale Law Journal 1013-1072 (1984).
• Foreword: Law in an Activist State, 92 Yale Law Journal 1-45 (1983).
• What is Neutral about Neutrality? 93 Ethics 372-390 (1983).
• Beyond the New Deal: Coal and the Clean Air Act (with William T. Hassler), 89 The Yale Law Journal 1466-1571 (1980).
• Four Questions for Legal Theory, 22 Nomos 351-375 (1980).
• The Jurisprudence of Just Compensation, 7 Environmental Law 509-519 (1977).
• The Uncertain Search for Environmental Policy: Part I (with James Sawyer), 120 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 419-503 (1972); Part II (with Susan Rose-Ackerman and Dale W. Henderson), 121 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1225-1308 (1973).
• More on Slum Housing and Redistribution Policy: A Reply to Professor Komesar, 82 The Yale Law Journal 1194-1207 (1973).
• Regulating Slum Housing Markets on Behalf of the Poor: Of Housing Codes, Housing Subsidies and Income Redistribution Policy, 80 The Yale Law Journal 1093-1197 (1971).